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WarChron - Reds Seize Control of Russian Military |
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The Year 1917
On 26 November, at Mogilev, Supreme Commander in Chief, Praporshchik (Ensign) Krylenko, contacted the Germans to ascertain if they were prepared to open armistice negotiations. Krylenko chose the Staff of the 5th Army's XIX Corps to dispatch delegates to the German lines for talks on an armistice.
Bolshevik Minister of War, Krylenko, issued an order to dismiss General General V.A. Cheremisov as commander of the Northern Front. General V.G. Boldyrev, commander of the 5th Army, was arrested at Dvinsk, and replaced by N.K. Antipov.
In the Crimea, the Tartar Constituent Assembly assumed authority in Simferopol.
On 27 November, Red Army Order No.11 proclaimed that all military schools and their personnel were to be taken over for purposes of the new Red government. An All-Army Conference was convened to deal with the problems of demobilization.
At Petrograd, after elections for the Constituent Assembly were held, the Left SR's joined in a coalition with the Bolsheviks, and were given various government posts, including People's Commissars of Agriculture, Justice and Posts and Telegraphs. The Right SR's still held a majority of its own. Anti-Bolsheviks shut down the agricultural section of the Food Ministry. There was a strike at the State Bank, and walkouts at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Justice. S.N. Prokopovich organized a clandestine cabinet which directed strikes of officials. There were also walk outs at large industrial and commercial firms.
During this period, some 16,000 municipal employees in Moscow went out on strike. Offices were shut down, employees sabotaged their offices, destroyed or mis-placed documents. There were stoppages of water, gas, sewage and tramway services.
At Petrograd, Trotsky's Note was handed to Allied Military representatives, stating that his Government wanted a general and not a separate peace.
At Stavka, Reds ordered AVIADARM (Air Fleet Board) to cease all operations. In early December, its commander Polkovnik V.M. Tkachev left Mogilev on his way to the Kuban.
In the Baltic Sea, Russian destroyer Bditelniy was sunk on mines off Raumo on the Finnish coast.
On 28 November, at Petrograd, Lenin and Trotsky issued a proclamation To the People's of all Countries at War, asking if they were content to allow their reactionary diplomats let slip so great an opportunity for attaining peace.
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The Central Powers agreed to open armistice negotiations with Bolsheviks at Brest-Litovsk. The Bolsheviks proposed to the Allies that they participate in peace negotiations.
The Red MRC appointed A.P. Onufriev as head of UMA, the Directorate of Naval Aviation, while.Tsentroflot (Central Command of the All-Russian Naval Forces) was headed by P.E. Dybenko, assisted by Raskolnikov and Admiral Altfater, who ordered formation of the Naval Collegium. On 1 December, the Red MRC dismissed most of the old Air Fleet Board, with Polkovnik S.A. Ulyanin being appointed to replace General Pnevskiy. However, real control was still concentrated in the hands of the Commissars.
At Revel, Estonia declared itself independent, under the leadership of Konstantin Pats.
At Tiflis, a Menshevik dominated Transcaucasian Commissariat was established, acting as a provisional government of the region. Evgeniy Gegechkori was elected president, with D. Donskoi as Commissar of War. On that day the U.S. Consul at Tiflis was notified by the State Department that he was not authorized to recognize the de-facto government until it is evident that such action will not tend to foster sectionalism or the disruption of Russia.
At Tashkent, the Congress of Soviets established the Turkestan Soviet Republic, which barred Muslims from participation in government. Also in Turkestan, a Muslim Soviet government was formed in Kokand.
In the Baltic Sea, a Russian torpedo boat was lost on mines.
On 29 November, at Petrograd, the Bolsheviks notified the Allied Embassies that all military operations on the Russian Front have ended and that talks with the Germans would begin on 2 December.
In the Don region, miners of the Makevka district proclaimed the Don Soviet Republic.
In France, an Inter-Allied Conference at Versailles on the Russian problem rejected the French proposal for a U.S or Japanese expedition to Russia. However, they did feel that efforts be made to continue support for Romania. The conference ended on 3 December.
In Berlin, German Chancellor Count von Hertling gave a speech in the Reichstag on self-determination.
On 30 November, at Stavka, Chief of Operations and Quartermaster General M.K. Diterikhs fled Mogilev. Allied officers and some generals were the only ones to escape. The Operations Staff included Generals S.G. Lukirskiy, N.I. Rattel, N.A. Suleiman and K.I. Velichko.
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General Diterikhs' previous association with the pro-socialist Czecho-Slovak Army Corps eventually led him to move to Siberia, joining with the anti-Bolshevik forces there. At Stavka, he was replaced by General Grishinskiy from the 7th Army. In late February 1918, Stavka began work in forming key elements in the formation of the new Red Army.
At Petrograd, Trotsky announced that all military operations on the Russian Front had stopped. Since August 1914, estimates of Russian casualties have reached 7,917,000 men captured, wounded or killed, of which 107,000 were officers.
Soon after the Bolshevik takeover the Germans moved fifty of their ninety two divisions to the Allied Western Front, retaining about thirty divisions on the 1,165 km Eastern Front. The Austro-Hungarians still had twelve infantry and twelve cavalry divisions on their 522 km section of the front.
At Odessa, the Reds seized control of the Danube Military Flotilla, led by Admiral D.V. Nenyukov, which continued to exist until March 1918. The Reds also seized control of the Saiminskaya Flotilla in the Finnish sector, with HQ at Vuoksenniska, which existed until April 1918.
In late November, the Bolsheviks abolished the Imperial Table of Ranks. All bourgeois newspapers were suppressed. The offices of the Kadet Party were closed and all members were declared enemies of the people.
During November, the Soviets began consolidation of their power in the northern and central regions of Russia.
During November, the 6th Latvian Tukkum Regiment was transferred to Petrograd to fight on the side of the new Red Army. Other Latvian troops were employed by the Bolsheviks as shock troops or internal security forces in key cities like Moscow, Odessa, Vladikavkaz, Perm and Petrozavodsk.
During November, on the Caucasian Front, anti-Bolshevik activity increased throughout Transcaucasia. The disintegration of the Russian Army in that region would later pose a serious threat to future British operations.
In November, the Russian Military Air Fleet was composed of 300 units; there were 14 Aviation Divisions, composed of 44 KAOs, 12 Army AOs, 15 FAOs; four staff units; plus the EVK with four combat flights of Il'ya Muromets bombers. There were 87 balloon units (VOs), 32 Naval AOs; and one Aviation Division each in the Baltic and Black Seas.
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